漢摩拉比法典全文(图)

前言部分反覆提到同一件事，它說漢摩拉比是上天授與權力與知識的王，是眾王之王，這或許是史上第一個君權神授說?後面條文，則是以不同的狀況來比較同一行為對不同身分的人有什麼樣的效力。

Hammurabi Stele Selections Retold in English

漢摩拉比法典（節錄）英文版
－－by Stan Rummel  

Marduk, Hammurabi, and Shamash

主神、吾王漢摩拉比和太陽神 

When the deities of old who allot the destinies of the world, gave the ruleof human beings to Marduk, set him over all other deities, made Babylon the foremost city-state in all the earth and the capital of an everlasting

kingdom, with foundations laid strong as those of heaven and earth. At that time I, Hammurabi, the pious, god-fearing prince, was called forth by namefor the welfare of the people: To cause justice to appear in the world, to destroy the evil and the wicked so that the strong should not oppress the weak, and to rise like Shamash to give light to the land.

從前，當造物主分配世界的命運時，祂將人類應該遵循的法則交給主神、將主神的地位至於其他眾神之上、使巴比倫城為世界上第一個城邦同時也是一個會永久存在的王國的首都，這個首都的根基就向天地的存在一樣穩固。那個時候我，漢摩拉比，虔誠的、篤信神的王，被叫到主神的面前，受領促進人民福祉的任務：讓「正義」在世界上出現、破除邪惡使強凌弱的現象不會發生，並位於高處像太陽神一樣給這片土地帶來光明。

I, Hammurabi the shepherd, have gathered abundance and plenty, have stormed the four quarters of the world, have magnified the fame of Babylon, and have elated the mind of Marduk my lord. To me has been givehe authority, and I have been faithful to Shamash. I am like a god among kings, endowed with knowledge and wisdom. I have provided plentiful offerings for the deities and built their temples. I am pure of mind, and the eities listen to my prayers. I am the wise ruler who bears the responsibility of government, who has attained the source of wisdom, who has enlarged the kingdom, and who has established pure sacrifices forever. I am first of all kings; I have conquered all peoples. I am the shepherd of the people who causes the truth to appear, guiding my flock rightly. I am the pious prince, deep in prayer to the great deities.

我，牧羊人漢摩拉比，聚集了豐富的資源、席捲整個世界、使巴比倫威名遠播，並將這份榮譽歸於我的主神。神賦予我這份權力，而我對太陽神也是忠誠的。我就像是眾多王者之間的神，被賦予了知與智慧。我供奉給神許多祭品，並為祂們建造神廟。我是純真良善的，而神總會聆聽我的祈禱。我是有智慧的統治者，並為政府負責；被賦予了這份智慧，我擴張了王國的領地，往後我將會永遠為此犧牲奉獻。我位於眾多王者的首位，征服了全人類。我是使真理實

現的牧羊人，正確的領導我的羊群。我是虔誠的王，發自內心的對偉大的神祇們祈禱。

I am the mighty king, the sun of Babylon, who causes light to appear in the land, who brings all the world to obedience. I am the favorite of the deities. When Marduk commanded me to establish justice for the people of the land and to provide orderly government, I set forth truth and justice throughout the land, and caused the people to prosper.

我是強而有力的王，是巴比倫的太陽，使光明出現在這片土地；是我，讓全世界臣服於我的腳下。我是最受眾神眷顧的。當太陽神命令我為這片土地上的人民創造正義並建立井然有序的政府，這片土地上處處都有我所提出的真理與正義，這把人民帶向繁榮。

Regulations 翻譯標準

In the following selections, I have frequently changed the grammar and sequence of words from the original, and I ‘ ve omitted sections of material, so that what is given will read comprehensibly in English. I have grouped regulations by topical categories for discussion, rather than simply following their numerical sequence. (And I have omitted many of the regulations in this retelling.)

接下來的節錄部份，為了閱讀的時候可以以英文語法來理解，我常常改變了其文法與文字先後排列順序，並刪去了法律審判上論證的片段。我將規章依討論主題不同分成數個範疇（譯者注：討論主題可參閱網站），而不是直接依循數字排列（同時，在這次講述中，我也刪去了許多條文）。

Social Structures 社會法規

196. If a free person puts out the eye of another free person, the first person's eye shall be put out.

如果一個自由人挖出另一個自由人的眼睛，前者的眼睛應該被挖出來。

197. If a free person breaks the bone of another free person, the first person's bone shall be broken.

如果一個自由人打斷另一個自由人的骨頭，前者的骨頭應該被打斷。

198. If a free person puts out the eye or breaks the bone of a civil-servant,the free person shall pay one-half kilogram of silver.

如果一個自由人挖出公職人員（後面文章中以公僕稱之）的眼睛或打斷他的骨頭，自由人應該要賠償半公斤的銀給公僕。

199. If a free person puts out the eye or breaks the bone of another free person's slave, the free person shall pay half the value of the slave.

如果一個自由人挖出另一自由人之奴隸的眼睛或打斷他的骨頭，自由人應該要賠償該奴隸價格的一半。

195. If a son strikes his father, the son's hand shall be cut off.
如果兒子毆打父親，他的手應該被砍斷。

205. If a free person's slave strikes the cheek of another free person, theear of the slave shall be cut off.

如果一個自由人的奴隸揍另一自由人的臉，這名奴隸的耳朵應該被切下來。

282. If a slave says to the master, "you are not my master," the master shall cut off the slave's ear.

如果奴隸對其主人說：「你不是我的主人。」那麼，這個主人應該切下這名奴隸的耳朵。

138. If a free man wishes to divorce his wife who has had no children, he must pay her a settlement equal to the value of the gifts he gave her father when they were married, plus the dowry she brought from her father's house;by paying this settlement he divorces her.

如果一名自由人要和他未生下任何子嗣的妻子離婚，他一定要付一筆錢給她，這筆錢應與他們結婚時，自由人給該名女子之父的聘禮相等、再加上他妻子從娘家帶來的嫁妝；給了這些錢之後，他才能跟她離婚。

139. If the free man had given her father no gifts, this part of his settlement shall amount to one-half kilogram of silver.

如果結婚時，他並沒有給女子的父親任何聘禮，那麼他支付的金額就該等同半公斤的銀。

140. If the man is a civil-servant, he shall pay one-sixth kilogram of silver.

假若這名男子是公僕，他便只需付六分之一公斤的銀。

141. If a free man's wife wishes to divorce him, the man may divorce her and give her no settlement. If the man does not wish to divorce her, he may marry another woman and keep his first wife in his house as a slave.

如果一名自由人的妻子想與他離婚，他可以答應離婚並且不需支付任何金錢給她；假若他不願意與妻子離婚，他可以再另娶一名女子並把元配留在家裡當奴隸。

142. If a woman wishes to divorce her husband and refuses him sexual rights,an inquiry shall be held. If she has not committed adultery but her husband has, she may take her dowry and return to her father's house.

如果一名女子要與丈夫離婚且拒絕與之發生性行為，應該要加以調查。如果這名女子沒有與他人通姦而她的丈夫有，這名女子可以帶著她的嫁妝回到娘家。

143. If she has committed adultery, then she shall be executed by being thrown into the water.

如果她犯下與他人通姦的罪行，她應該被丟入水裡（意同中國舊時代的「浸豬籠」）。

154. If a free man has sexual relations with his daughter, that man shall beexiled.

如果一名自由人與他的女兒有性關係，他應該被流放。

157. If a free man has sexual relations with his mother after the death ofhis father, both of them shall be executed by burning.

如果一名自由人在其父過世之後，與其生母發生性關係，這兩人都應該被火燒死。

158. If a free man has sexual relations with his father's first wife, who is

the mother of sons, after the death of his father, that man shall lose his

paternal inheritance.

如果一名自由人在其父過世後，與其父之元配（同時是這名自由人的生母）發生性關係，那麼他將失去繼承父親遺產的權利。

159. If the first wife and a female slave of a free man both bear him sons,and the father acknowledges the sons of the female slave as his own, then the sons of the female slave shall share equally with the sons of the first wife in the paternal inheritance after the death of the father.

如果自由人之元配與女奴都為其生下兒子，而自由人又承認其與女奴所生之子的父子關係，那麼當自由人死後，女奴的兒子就應該與元配之子享有同樣的繼承權。

171. If the father did not acknowledge the sons of the female slave as his own, then the sons have no right to share in the paternal inheritance; but both the female slave and her sons shall be given their freedom.

如果自由人並未承認女奴所生之子，那麼女奴之子是不能享有繼承權的。但是在自由人死後，女奴和她的兒子都應該獲得自由。

Economic Structures 經濟法規

7. If a free person buys or receives in pawn anything from another free person who is a minor, or from a free person's slave, without a contract signed by witnesses, that person is a "fence" and shall be executed.

一個自由人向未成年的自由人或是自由人的奴隸買下或接受某樣東西當作抵押品，必須要有見證人簽名的契約，假若沒有，這名自由人便是銷贓者，應被處以死刑。

122. If a free person wishes to pawn anything, that person is responsible for drawing up a contract signed by witnesses before completing the transaction.

如果一名自由人想要典當任何東西，在完成處理手續前，他有責任要訂立一份有見證人簽名的契約。

123. If a free person has pawned anything without a contract signed by witnesses, and the pawnbroker later claims not to have received anything, that case is not subject to claim.

如果一個自由人在沒有見證人簽名的情況下訂立典當契約，事後當鋪老闆又宣稱他沒有收到任何典當物，該自由人不得以此為訴訟標的。

124. If a free person has pawned anything in front of witnesses (even if there is no contract), and the pawnbroker later claims not to have received anything, the pawnbroker must repay twice the amount denied.

如果自由人在有見證人的情況下典當東西（就算沒有訂立契約），假若事後當舖老闆宣稱他沒有拿到任何典當品，當鋪老闆應該要支付自由人一筆等同該物品典當價兩倍的錢。

42. If a free person signs a contract to rent a field for cultivation but fails to raise a crop in the field, that person must pay the landlord an amount equivalent to the harvests of the adjoining fields.

如果一名自由人簽了一份租用耕地的契約，卻沒有種任何農作物，他一定要付租金，這筆租金應該與該地之鄰近農地的收成一樣多。

43. In addition, the renter who has neglected the field must plough it, so that another free person may rent and cultivate it.

此外，對土地疏於照顧者，在將土地歸還給地主前，一定要先將土地犁過，這樣別人便可以租下它進行耕種。

45. If a free person rents a field to a cultivator and is paid in advance, but later a natural disaster destroys the crop, the cultivator must stand the loss.

如果自由人將土地租給耕作者，耕作者也已預付租金，若後來發生天災損害了農作 物，耕作者要自行承擔損失。

46. If the rent was not paid in advance, the renter and the cultivator shall divide any crops that can be salvaged according to the proportion stipulated in their contract.

若耕作者並未預先支付租金，發生天災時，耕作者搶收的作物應該要分一定比例給出租人（比例依契約內容規定），代償租金。

48. If a free person is in debt and loses a crop because of a natural disaster, the contract shall be changed so that person will not owe the creditor any interest for the year.

如果一個自由人在負債的情況下，又因為天災而失去收成，那麼契約便應有所更改，如此一來，此人這一年便不會欠債主更多錢。

88. A merchant may collect interest of thirty-three and one-third per cent ona loan of grain, and twenty per cent interest may be charged on a loan of silver.

商人貸給別人穀物時，可以收取百分之三十三或三分之一的利息；若是貸與銀，則可收取百分之二十的利息。

89. If a free person who has borrowed cannot repay the loan with silver but can repay it with grain, the merchant who made the loan is obligated to accept the grain at the rate of exchange set by the king; if the erchant

tries to raise the interest-rate, that merchant shall forfeit both the capital and the interest.

如果自由人無法以銀償還債務，而能以穀物來償還，貸與的商人必須接受，而銀與穀物的兌換率應以國王之規定為準。如果商人嘗試提高利息，該商人之本金與利息都應該被沒收

。

92. If a merchant loans grain or silver at one rate but later tries to collect at a higher rate, that merchant shall forfeit both the capital and the interest.

如果商人在貸與穀物或銀之後，企圖提高利率，商人的本金與利息都應該被沒收。

215. If a surgeon performs a major operation which saves the life of a free person, that surgeon shall be paid eighty grams of silver.

如果醫生進行一次重大手術，並因而拯救了自由人的性命，自由人應該給外科醫生八十公克的銀作為報酬。

217. If the person is a slave, the owner shall pay sixteen grams of silver to the surgeon.

如果接受手術的是奴隸，主人應該給外科醫生六十公克的銀。

221. If the surgeon set a broken bone of a free person, that surgeon shall be paid forty grams of silver.

如果醫生替自由人接回斷掉的骨頭，自由人應該給醫生四十公克的銀。

223. If the person is a slave, the owner shall pay sixteen grams of silver to the surgeon.

如果醫生接回骨頭的是奴隸，主人應該給醫生十六公克的銀。

228. If a carpenter builds a house for a free person, that carpenter shall be paid sixteen grams of silver for every thirty-five square meters of the house.

如果木匠替自由人蓋好一棟房子，每三十五平方公尺，自由人必須支付木匠十六公克的銀

。

234. If a shipwright has caulked a ship with a carrying capacity of three hundred liters for a free person, that shipwright shall be paid sixteen grams of silver.

造船師為自由人建造一艘容積有三百公升的船，自由人應該給造船師十六公克的銀。

The Operation of the Judicial System

司法體系的運作

3. If a free person commits perjury during a murder-trial and the perjury is discovered, that person shall be executed.

如果一個自由人被發現在謀殺案件開庭審理時作偽證，這個人該被處以死刑。

4. If a free person commits perjury during a damage suit, that person will be liable for the damages.

如果一個自由人在與損害賠償有關的訴訟中作偽證，他應該負起損害賠償的責任。

1. If a free person accuses another free person of murder but cannot prove the charge in court, the one who made the accusation shall be executed.

如果一個自由人控告另一自由人犯下殺人罪，但是在法庭上又無法提出證據證明他的指控，這個提起控訴的自由人應當被處以死刑。

127. If a free person accuses a priestess or a married woman of illicit sexual relations but cannot prove the charge, that free person shall be publicly flogged and half of that free person's head shall be shaved.

如果一個自由人指控女祭司或已婚婦女與他人發生不法之性行為，但無法提出證據證明之，這名自由人應該在大庭廣眾之下被鞭打，並削掉他一半的頭顱。

5. If a judge delivers a written verdict and later changes it, that judge shall pay twelve times the amount of the damages awarded in the verdict. Then the judge shall be publicly expelled from office.

如果一名法官遞交一份書面裁決，事後卻更改之，那麼這名法官應該支付相當於裁定的損害賠償十二倍的金額。而且這名法官將會被公開驅逐，不能繼續擔任法官。

The Rule of Law 法律規範

14. If a free person kidnaps the son of another free person, the kidnapper shall be executed.

如果自由人犯下綁架另一自由人之子的罪行，他應該被處死。

15. If a free person helps a slave of either a palace or civil-servant escape, that person shall be executed.

如果自由人幫助屬於王宮或公僕的奴隸逃跑，這個人應被處以死刑。

16. If a free person gives shelter to a fugitive slave of either a palace or civil-servant, that person shall be executed.

如果一個自由人窩藏自王宮或公僕家逃跑的奴隸，這人應該被處以死刑。

25. If a fire breaks out in a free person's house, and another free person who went to extinguish the fire saw, wanted, and looted any of the property in the house, the looter shall be executed by being thrown into that fire.

如果自由人的家起火了，而去滅火的另一自由人看到、起了貪婪之意並洗劫他家中的財物，這個人應該被處以死刑並被丟入火場之中。

109. If rebels meet in a bar and the woman who owns the bar does not capture them and take them to the palace, that woman shall be executed.

如果造反者在酒吧或小吃店中集會，而老闆娘沒有逮捕他們並送交王宮處理，這個女人應該被處以死刑。

125. If a priestess who does not live in the temple owns and operates a bar

or even enters a bar for drink, that priestess shall be executed by burning.

如果一名不住在神廟的女祭司擁有或營運一家酒吧，甚至（只是）去酒吧喝酒，這名女祭

司都應該被判處被烈火燒死的刑罰。

229. If a carpenter has erected a poorly constructed house, so that the walls

cave in and kill the homeowner, that carpenter shall be executed.

如果木匠建造了一棟結構不良的房子，而房子倒塌壓死了屋主，這名木匠便應被判處死刑

。

230. If the poorly constructed house causes the death of the homeowner's son,

the carpenter's son shall be executed.

如果結構不良的房子倒塌壓死了屋主的兒子，木匠的兒子應該被處死。

231. If the poorly constructed house causes the death of the homeowner's

slave, the carpenter shall provide an equivalent slave for the homeowner.

如果結構不良的房子倒塌壓死了屋主的奴隸，木匠應該提供一名能力相當的奴隸給屋主做

為賠償。

232. If the poorly constructed house causes the destruction of the

homeowner's property, the carpenter shall replace whatever has been

destroyed; if the entire house caves in, the carpenter shall rebuild it free

of charge.

如果結構不良的房子造成屋主有任何財物上的損害，木匠都應該負起賠償責任，以價格相

等之物品償還之。假若整棟房子都倒塌了，木匠應該不收分文為屋主重建一棟房子。

The Doing of Justice 正義的實現

6. If a free person steals sacred property from a temple or palace, that

person shall be executed, along with anyone who purchased the stolen

property.

如果自由人竊盜神廟或宮殿神聖的物品，應該被處以死刑，任何購買贓物的人也應受到一

樣的刑罰。

8. If a free person steals ordinary property, such as an ox or a sheep, from

a temple or palace, that person shall repay thirty times the amount of the

stolen property. If a free person steals the same type of property from a

civil-servant, that person shall repay ten times. If a thief cannot pay, that

thief shall be executed.

如果自由人偷竊神廟或宮殿的一般財物，例如一把斧頭或一頭羊，這個人應該繳回等同該

項物品價值三十倍的罰金；如果自由人偷竊公僕的一般財物，他應該繳回（等同該項物品

價值）十倍的罰金。如果竊盜者繳不出錢來，他就會處死。

22. If a free person robs another free person and is caught, that thief shall

be executed.

如果自由人搶劫另一自由人，並且被逮捕，這個搶劫犯應該被處以死刑。

23. If the thief is not caught, the city of the free person who has been

robbed shall pay for the loss.

如果搶劫犯沒有被抓到，被搶的自由人所屬的城市就要賠償他的損失。

24. If the free person has been murdered [that is, robbed of life], the city

shall pay one-half kilogram of silver to the relatives of the deceased.

如果自由人被殺害（被奪去生命），自由人所屬的城市應該賠給死者的親人半公斤的銀。

129. If the wife of a free man is caught lying with another man, they shall

both be tied up and drowned in the water; but if the husband decides to let

his wife live, than the king shall let the man live.

如果自由人的老婆被逮到和其他男人躺在一起，他們應該被綁起來淹死在水裡；但是，如

果丈夫決定放妻子一條生路，國王也應該放那個男人一條生路。

250. If a free person's ox happens to gore another free person on the street

so that the person dies, there is no cause of action.

如果一個自由人拿著斧頭走在街上時，不小心砍到另一個自由人導致他死亡，不能因此提

起訴訟。

251. If the free person's ox is a habitual gorer, and the free person has

been officially notified yet does not cover the horns of the ox or tie it up,

then if the ox gores another free person so that the person dies, the owner

of the ox shall pay one-fourth kilogram of silver to the relatives of the

deceased.

如果該自由人的斧頭曾經砍到過別人，政府亦曾正式提醒他，他卻還是沒有把鋒利的角給

包捆起來；以至於再度砍到另一個人導致他人死亡，斧頭的主人便應該賠償四分之一公斤

的銀給死者的家屬。

Hammurabi, Shamash, Marduk, and Everyone Else

漢摩拉比、太陽神、主神與其他人

These are the regulations that Hammurabi the able king has established so

that the world may enjoy stable and just government. I, Hammurabi, have been

called by the great deities. I am the shepherd who brings well-being and

abundant prosperity; my rule is just. So that the strong might not oppress

the weak, and that even the orphan and the widow might be treated with

justice, I inscribed my precious words on my stele called "King of Justice"

in Babylon.

以上是能幹、有才識的漢摩拉比王所制定的法律，讓這個世界的人都可以享受安定的政局

。我，漢摩拉比王，是受領主神所賦予的這個偉大任務的人。我是帶來理智和繁盛的牧羊

人，我所制定的法則就是正義。如此，再不會有強凌弱的事情發生，就連孤兒寡母也可以

得到正義的對待。我的法典字字珠璣，我將它們命名為「巴比倫的正義之王」。

I am the king who is first of all kings; my ability has no rival. By the

command of Shamash, who judges all the world, let justice now appear in the

world. By the word of Marduk my lord, let no one mar the figures or words on

my monument. Let the oppressed person stand before my monument and have the

precious words of my inscription read aloud. Then that person's mind shall

rest easy in the knowledge that justice will be done.

我居於眾王的首位，世上無人能夠與我匹敵。受命於太陽神（世上正義的主宰），讓正義

現於世上。我王主神嘗言：「絕不讓任何一個人破壞法典的外型或其上之文字。讓受壓迫

的人站在法典面前，大聲讀出法典條文，這個人便會輕易了解正義終將獲得實現。」

To the end of time let the kings of the world follow the just words inscribed

on my monument. Let no king alter the inscription or erase the engraving. May

the kings who listen to my words be blessed with empires as large as mine,

governing the world in justice. As for the kings who do not listen to my

words, may their destinies be cursed, their kingdoms overthrown, their people

scattered, and their very existence forgotten. Let these curses be

unalterable, and let them quickly overtake the kings who do not listen to my

words.

在無盡的未來，世上的王都要遵循法典上的文字。沒有任何一位君王可以更動上面的字，

更不能磨損之。後世君王遵循我所言者，將會得到和我一樣強大的庇祐，進而以正義統治

世界；若不遵循我所言者，他們的命運則會受到詛咒、王國被推翻、人民流離失所而且不

會有任何人記得他們曾經存在。這詛咒無法破解，不遵循我所言者都將迅速被人民推翻，

取而代之。